Comorbid Depression and Anxiety as Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use in a Rural and Ethnically Diverse Community Sample

Drug use among adolescents is one of the nation\u27s most significant public health concerns, with an estimated 47% to 56% of adolescents engaging in illicit substance use before completing high school. Negative consequences often associated with adolescent substance use frequently result in severe emotional and physical problems and serve to illustrate the growing importance of identifying associated risk factors. It is likely that psychological risk factors play an important role in the initiation and continued use of drugs among adolescents. In particular, mood and anxiety disorders have emerged as two such psychological risk factors. Unfortunately, studies examining this relationship have almost exclusively focused on clinical populations. Additionally, the few studies examining this relationship among community samples tend to be limited in minority representation, especially with regard to minority youth residing in a rural geographical location. As such, the current study aimed to elucidate the relationship between depression and anxiety and adolescent substance use among a sample of diverse adolescents residing in a predominantly rural geographical location. Findings demonstrate the significant role of depression and anxiety above and beyond relevant sociodemographic variables (SES, gender, ethnicity, and grade level) in predicting lifetime substance use among this unique population. Findings extend previous research and suggest the need for early prevention initiatives aimed at both adolescent substance use and psychological correlates such as depression and anxiety

Constitutional Law - Due Process - Expulsion of Student fro m State-Operated College Without Notice or Hearing

A substantial number of students at the Alabama State College for Negroes had been participating in peaceful demonstrations protesting racial segregation. The president of the college advised the students to return to their studies which were disrupted by these demonstrations, and personally warned three of the plaintiffs to discontinue their participation in the demonstrations. Nonetheless, further demonstrations ensued in which the plaintiffs took part. The State Board of Education then voted to expel the plaintiffs who were allegedly the leaders of the organization responsible for the demonstrations. The notices of expulsion mailed to the plaintiffs stated no reason for the action taken and at no time were the plaintiffs provided with an opportunity to appear before the Board. Upon the plaintiffs\u27 suit to enjoin the Board from obstructing their right to attend the college, the district court upheld the expulsions and denied injunctive relief. On appeal, held, reversed, one judge dissenting. Due process requires that notice and some opportunity for a hearing be given before students at a state-operated college can be expelled for misconduct. Dixon v. Alabama State Bd. of Educ., 294 F.2d 150 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 930 (1961)

Insurance Law - Recovery - Action for Wrongful Refusal to Settle Claim Precluded by Bankruptcy of Insured

The plaintiff, as trustee in bankruptcy of the insured, sued the defendant insurer to recover damages resulting from a judgment entered against the insured in a personal injury suit. This judgment subjected the insured to a liability of 89,000 dollars in excess of the 10,000 dollar automobile liability_ coverage carried with the insurer. The insurer, pursuant to its policy, had undertaken the insured\u27s defense and had failed, allegedly in bad faith, to settle the suit for an amount within the limits of its coverage. Before judgment was entered in the personal injury suit the insured was insolvent; six months following the entry of judgment he was adjudicated bankrupt. At no time had the excess judgment been paid. The trial court awarded the trustee 89,000 dollars in damages. On appeal, held, reversed, one judge dissenting. Proof of payment of the excess judgment is a condition precedent to recovery of damages from an insurer for tortious failure to settle a claim within the limits of its coverage when it has undertaken the insured\u27s defense. Harris v. Standard Acc. b Ins. Co., 297 F.2d 627 (2d Cir. 1961) cert. denied, 82 Sup. Ct. 875 (1962)

Attentional Bias Toward Pain-Related Pictorial Stimuli Among Individuals With Migraine Following Negative Mood Induction

Migraine is associated with significant reductions in daily functioning and quality of life and is the 19th largest cause of disability globally. The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain details potential pathways for the development of pain disability and affective distress and provides a platform for understanding the dynamic relationship between psychological factors and migraine. Consistent with the fear-avoidance model, a growing body of research provides support for the role of selective attentional biases toward threat-related stimuli among chronic pain patients. However, the few studies to examine the role of selective attentional biases in migraine demonstrate mixed findings, and the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. The current study examined effects of components of the fear-avoidance model (i.e., fear of pain, negative affectivity, and anxiety sensitivity) on attentional biases to pain-related pictorial stimuli among individuals with migraine. A mood-induction procedure was used to experimentally manipulate negative affectivity. Contrary to hypotheses, neither fear of pain (b = -0.55, p = .38), nor negative affect (b = -0.17, p = .65), nor anxiety sensitivity (b = -0.20, p = .70) significantly predicted attentional processing of headache-related threat stimuli. Although the negative affect mood manipulation was successful, those who completed the negative mood induction and experienced heightened negative affect did not differ from controls (i.e., neutral mood condition) in attentional biases to threat stimuli (f (1, 64) = 0.06, p = .81). Anxiety emerged as the only significant predictor of attentional bias to threat stimuli (b = 1.28, p = .04). Findings contribute to a growing body of research examining attentional bias in headache and suggest that individuals who experience migraine with moderate frequency do not selectively attend to headache-related facial expressions, even when in a negative mood state

Ignition characteristics of the iron-based alloy UNS S66286 in pressurized oxygen

The development of ignition and combustion in pressurized oxygen atmospheres was studied for the iron based alloy UNS S66286. Ignition of the alloy was achieved by heating the top surface of a cylindrical specimen with a continuous-wave CO2 laser. Two heating procedures were used. In the first, laser power was adjusted to maintain an approximately linear increase in surface temperature. In the second, laser power was periodically increased until autoheating (self-heating) was established. It was found that the alloy would autoheat to destruction from temperatures below the solidus temperature. In addition endothermic events occurred as the alloy was heated, many at reproducible temperatures. Many endothermic events occurred prior to abrupt increases in surface temperature and appeared to accelerate the rate of increase in specimen temperature to rates greater than what would be expected from increased temperature alone. It is suggested that the source of these endotherms may increase the oxidation rate of the alloy. Ignition parameters are defined and the temperatures at which these parameters occur are given for the oxygen pressure range of 1.72 to 13.8 MPa (25 to 2000 psia)

Ignition characteristics of the nickel-based alloy UNS N07718 in pressurized oxygen

The development of ignition and combustion in pressurized oxygen atmospheres was studied for the nickel based alloy UNS N07718. Ignition of the alloy was achieved by heating the top. It was found that the alloy would autoheat to destruction from temperatures below the solidus temperature. In addition, endothermic events occurred as the alloy was heated, many at reproducible temperatures. Many endothermic events occurred prior to abrupt increases in surface temperature and appeared to accelerate the rate of increase in specimen temperature. It appeared that the source of some endotherms may increase the oxidation rate of the alloy. Ignition parameters are defined and the temperatures at which these parameters occur are given for the oxygen pressure range of 1.72 to 13.8 MPa (250 to 2000 psia)

PonyGE2: Grammatical Evolution in Python

Grammatical Evolution (GE) is a population-based evolutionary algorithm, where a formal grammar is used in the genotype to phenotype mapping process. PonyGE2 is an open source implementation of GE in Python, developed at UCD's Natural Computing Research and Applications group. It is intended as an advertisement and a starting-point for those new to GE, a reference for students and researchers, a rapid-prototyping medium for our own experiments, and a Python workout. As well as providing the characteristic genotype to phenotype mapping of GE, a search algorithm engine is also provided. A number of sample problems and tutorials on how to use and adapt PonyGE2 have been developed.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, submitted to the 2017 GECCO Workshop on Evolutionary Computation Software Systems (EvoSoft